7 Common Umbilical Hernia Symptoms You Should Know

An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the intestine or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall near the belly button. This condition is common in infants but can also affect adults, particularly women who have been pregnant, people who are overweight, or those who have fluid in the abdomen. Recognizing the symptoms of an umbilical hernia is crucial for seeking timely medical attention and preventing potential complications.

While many umbilical hernias are painless and may resolve on their own in children, some cases require medical intervention. Understanding the warning signs can help you determine when to consult a healthcare provider. Below are the most common symptoms associated with umbilical hernias that you should be aware of.

1. Visible Bulge or Swelling Near the Belly Button

The most obvious and recognizable symptom of an umbilical hernia is a visible bulge or swelling near or at the belly button. This protrusion typically appears as a soft lump that ranges from less than half an inch to several inches in diameter.

The bulge becomes more noticeable when:

• Coughing or straining
• Laughing or crying (especially in infants)
• Standing upright or engaging in physical activity
• Lifting heavy objects

In many cases, the bulge can be gently pushed back into the abdomen when lying down or relaxed. However, if the bulge cannot be pushed back in, this may indicate a serious complication called incarceration, which requires immediate medical attention. The appearance of this bulge is often the first sign that prompts people to seek medical evaluation.

2. Pain or Discomfort Around the Belly Button

While some umbilical hernias are completely painless, many people experience varying degrees of discomfort or pain in the area surrounding the belly button. The pain associated with an umbilical hernia can range from mild tenderness to sharp, intense discomfort.

The pain may intensify during activities such as:

• Bending over or twisting the torso
• Lifting heavy objects or exercising
• Prolonged standing or walking
• Coughing, sneezing, or straining during bowel movements

The discomfort typically occurs because the protruding tissue is being compressed or stretched. Some individuals describe the sensation as a dull ache that persists throughout the day, while others experience intermittent sharp pains. If the pain suddenly becomes severe and constant, this could indicate that the hernia has become strangulated, a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

3. Pressure or Heaviness in the Abdominal Area

Many people with umbilical hernias report experiencing a sensation of pressure, fullness, or heaviness in the abdominal region, particularly around the belly button. This symptom can be subtle and is often described as feeling like something is “pulling” or “tugging” at the abdomen.

This sensation of pressure occurs because the intestine or fatty tissue is pushing against the weakened abdominal wall. The feeling may be constant or may come and go depending on your activity level and body position. Many patients notice that the pressure increases as the day progresses, especially if they spend a lot of time on their feet or engage in physical activities.

The sensation of heaviness can be particularly bothersome during physical exertion or when wearing tight clothing around the waist. Some individuals find relief by lying down, as this position allows gravity to help reduce the pressure on the herniated tissue. While this symptom alone may seem minor, it often indicates that the hernia is growing or becoming more problematic and warrants medical evaluation.

4. Tenderness or Sensitivity to Touch

The skin and tissue around an umbilical hernia often become tender and sensitive to touch. This tenderness may be present even when you’re not actively experiencing pain, and the area may feel sore when pressure is applied, such as when wearing fitted clothing or lying on your stomach.

The degree of tenderness can vary significantly from person to person. Some individuals experience only mild sensitivity that they notice occasionally, while others find that even light contact with the area causes significant discomfort. The tender area typically corresponds to the location of the bulge and may extend slightly beyond the visible protrusion.

Increased tenderness, especially when accompanied by other symptoms like redness or warmth in the area, may signal inflammation or the beginning of complications. If you notice that the tender area is becoming increasingly sensitive or if the tenderness is interfering with your daily activities, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider. They can assess whether the hernia is at risk of complications and discuss appropriate management options.

5. Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are more serious symptoms that can occur with umbilical hernias, particularly when complications arise. While these symptoms are not present in all cases, they should never be ignored as they may indicate that the hernia has become incarcerated or strangulated.

When a portion of the intestine becomes trapped in the hernia sac and cannot return to the abdominal cavity, it can lead to intestinal obstruction. This blockage prevents the normal passage of food and digestive contents through the intestines, resulting in nausea and vomiting. The vomiting may be frequent and may contain bile, giving it a greenish-yellow color.

These symptoms often appear alongside other warning signs such as:

• Severe, constant abdominal pain
• Inability to push the bulge back into the abdomen
• Rapid increase in the size of the bulge
• Changes in the color of the bulge (becoming red, purple, or dark)

If you experience nausea and vomiting in conjunction with an umbilical hernia, especially if these symptoms develop suddenly, seek emergency medical care immediately. This combination of symptoms may indicate a life-threatening situation that requires urgent surgical intervention.

6. Changes in Bowel Movements

An umbilical hernia can sometimes affect normal bowel function, leading to changes in bowel movement patterns. These changes occur when a portion of the intestine becomes involved in the hernia, potentially affecting the passage of stool through the digestive system.

Common bowel-related symptoms include:

• Constipation or difficulty passing stools
• Feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation
• Bloating and abdominal distension
• Increased gas and flatulence
• Alternating periods of constipation and diarrhea

These symptoms may develop gradually and can be mild or intermittent in nature. However, if you experience a sudden inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, accompanied by severe abdominal pain and swelling, this constitutes a medical emergency. This combination suggests a complete bowel obstruction, which requires immediate medical intervention.

Even mild changes in bowel habits that persist should be discussed with a healthcare provider, as they may indicate that the hernia is growing or affecting intestinal function. Early evaluation can help prevent more serious complications from developing.

7. Discoloration of the Bulge

While the bulge associated with an umbilical hernia typically matches the surrounding skin tone, any change in color of the protruding area is a significant warning sign that should not be ignored. Discoloration can indicate that the blood supply to the herniated tissue has been compromised, a condition known as strangulation.

Warning color changes include:

• Redness or pink discoloration, which may indicate inflammation
• Purple, blue, or dark red coloration, suggesting impaired blood flow
• Grayish or black discoloration, indicating tissue death (necrosis)

A strangulated hernia occurs when the blood supply to the trapped tissue is cut off. This is a surgical emergency because without adequate blood flow, the tissue will begin to die, leading to serious complications including infection, tissue necrosis, and potentially life-threatening sepsis.

Additional signs that may accompany discoloration include:

• Severe, constant pain that progressively worsens
• Firm, hard texture of the bulge
• Inability to reduce the bulge back into the abdomen
• Fever and signs of systemic infection

Any discoloration of the hernia bulge, especially when accompanied by severe pain, requires immediate emergency medical care. Do not attempt to push the bulge back in yourself, and do not delay seeking treatment, as strangulated hernias can become life-threatening within hours.

Main Causes of Umbilical Hernia

Understanding what causes umbilical hernias can help you identify your risk factors and take appropriate preventive measures. Here are the primary causes:

Congenital Weakness

In infants, umbilical hernias occur when the umbilical cord opening in the abdominal muscles fails to close completely after birth. This is the most common cause of umbilical hernias in children and usually resolves naturally by age 3 to 4.

Increased Abdominal Pressure

Activities or conditions that increase pressure within the abdomen can cause or worsen umbilical hernias, including:

• Pregnancy, especially multiple pregnancies
• Obesity or significant weight gain
• Persistent coughing or sneezing
• Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movements
• Heavy lifting without proper technique
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)

Weakened Abdominal Muscles

The abdominal wall can weaken over time due to:

• Aging and natural muscle deterioration
• Previous abdominal surgeries, especially near the belly button
• Multiple pregnancies that stretch the abdominal muscles
• Lack of physical activity leading to poor muscle tone

Gender and Genetic Factors

Women are more likely to develop umbilical hernias than men, particularly those who have had multiple pregnancies. Additionally, umbilical hernias can run in families, suggesting a genetic component to abdominal wall weakness.

Prevention of Umbilical Hernia

While not all umbilical hernias can be prevented, especially those present at birth, there are several measures you can take to reduce your risk of developing an umbilical hernia or prevent an existing one from worsening:

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Excess body weight increases pressure on the abdominal wall, raising the risk of hernia development. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular exercise can significantly reduce this pressure and strengthen abdominal muscles.

Use Proper Lifting Techniques

When lifting heavy objects, always:

• Bend at the knees, not at the waist
• Keep the object close to your body
• Avoid twisting while lifting
• Engage your leg muscles rather than relying on your back and abdomen
• Ask for help with particularly heavy items

Strengthen Core Muscles

Regular exercise that focuses on strengthening the abdominal and core muscles can help support the abdominal wall. However, avoid exercises that put excessive strain on the abdomen, and consult with a healthcare provider or physical therapist for appropriate exercises if you already have a hernia.

Prevent and Treat Constipation

Chronic straining during bowel movements increases abdominal pressure. Prevent constipation by:

• Eating a high-fiber diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Drinking adequate water throughout the day
• Exercising regularly to promote healthy digestion
• Establishing regular bathroom habits

Manage Chronic Coughing

If you have a persistent cough due to smoking, allergies, or chronic respiratory conditions, seek appropriate treatment. Chronic coughing repeatedly increases abdominal pressure and can contribute to hernia development.

Avoid Smoking

Smoking weakens connective tissues throughout the body, including the abdominal wall, and causes chronic coughing. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of developing hernias and improve overall health.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can an umbilical hernia go away on its own?

In infants and young children, umbilical hernias often close on their own by age 3 to 4 years. However, umbilical hernias in adults rarely resolve without surgical intervention. If you have an adult umbilical hernia, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management recommendations.

How do I know if my umbilical hernia is serious?

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe pain, inability to push the bulge back in, nausea and vomiting, fever, discoloration of the bulge (red, purple, or dark), or inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement. These symptoms may indicate complications such as incarceration or strangulation, which are medical emergencies.

Can I exercise with an umbilical hernia?

Light exercise may be possible with an umbilical hernia, but you should consult your healthcare provider first. Avoid activities that increase abdominal pressure such as heavy lifting, intense core exercises, or high-impact activities. Your doctor can provide specific guidance based on the size and severity of your hernia.

What is the difference between an umbilical hernia and a belly button hernia?

There is no difference—these terms refer to the same condition. An umbilical hernia is also commonly called a belly button hernia because it occurs at or near the umbilicus (belly button), where tissue protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal wall.

Do umbilical hernias get bigger over time?

Adult umbilical hernias typically do not improve on their own and may gradually increase in size over time. Factors such as pregnancy, weight gain, heavy lifting, or chronic coughing can cause the hernia to grow larger. Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is important to track any changes.

Is surgery always necessary for an umbilical hernia?

Not all umbilical hernias require immediate surgery. Small, asymptomatic hernias may be monitored with a “watchful waiting” approach. However, surgery is generally recommended for hernias that cause symptoms, are growing larger, or pose a risk of complications. Your healthcare provider will help determine the best approach for your specific situation.

Can pregnancy cause an umbilical hernia?

Yes, pregnancy is a significant risk factor for developing an umbilical hernia due to the increased abdominal pressure as the uterus expands. Women who have had multiple pregnancies are at higher risk. If you develop an umbilical hernia during pregnancy, discuss management options with your healthcare provider, as treatment may be delayed until after delivery.

What should I avoid if I have an umbilical hernia?

If you have an umbilical hernia, avoid activities that increase abdominal pressure including heavy lifting, straining during bowel movements, intense core exercises, and prolonged coughing. Also avoid gaining excess weight and wearing tight clothing around the abdomen that may cause discomfort or pressure on the hernia.

References:

• Mayo Clinic – Umbilical Hernia
• NHS – Umbilical Hernia
• Johns Hopkins Medicine – Umbilical Hernia
• MedlinePlus – Umbilical Hernia
• Cleveland Clinic – Umbilical Hernia