7 Key Mumps Symptoms You Need to Know

Mumps, also known as paperas in Spanish, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. While it was once common worldwide, vaccination programs have significantly reduced its occurrence. However, outbreaks still happen, making it crucial to recognize the symptoms early. This article will guide you through the key signs of mumps, helping you identify this condition and understand when to seek medical attention.

Understanding mumps symptoms is essential because early detection can help prevent the spread of the virus to others and allow for proper management of the condition. The disease typically begins with mild symptoms that can be mistaken for other common illnesses, but characteristic signs soon develop that make mumps more recognizable.

1. Swollen Salivary Glands (Parotitis)

The hallmark symptom of mumps is the swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands located just below and in front of the ears. This condition, called parotitis, is the most distinctive feature of mumps and occurs in about 70% of infected individuals.

The swelling typically:

• Appears on one side first, then often spreads to the other side within 2-3 days
• Makes the cheeks look puffy and the jawline less defined
• Causes the affected area to feel tender and warm to the touch
• Can make eating, drinking, and swallowing painful, especially acidic foods and beverages
• Usually lasts for 7-10 days before gradually subsiding

The swelling can be so pronounced that it pushes the earlobes outward and upward, creating the characteristic “chipmunk cheeks” appearance associated with mumps. Some patients may also experience swelling in other salivary glands under the jaw (submandibular glands) or under the tongue (sublingual glands).

2. Fever

Fever is one of the earliest symptoms of mumps and often appears before the characteristic gland swelling. The temperature elevation associated with mumps typically ranges from moderate to high.

Fever characteristics in mumps include:

• Temperature ranging from 101°F to 104°F (38.3°C to 40°C)
• Usually begins 1-2 days before gland swelling appears
• May persist for 3-4 days
• Often accompanied by chills and general discomfort
• Can fluctuate throughout the day, sometimes being higher in the evening

The fever serves as the body’s natural defense mechanism against the mumps virus. It’s important to monitor the fever, stay hydrated, and rest adequately. If the fever persists beyond a few days or reaches very high levels, medical consultation is recommended.

3. Headache and Body Aches

Headaches and generalized body aches are common prodromal symptoms of mumps, meaning they often appear before the more characteristic signs develop. These symptoms can make the infection feel similar to influenza in its early stages.

The pain experienced typically includes:

• Moderate to severe headache that may be constant or throbbing
• Muscle aches throughout the body, particularly in the back, neck, and limbs
• Joint discomfort or stiffness
• General feeling of being unwell (malaise)
• Increased sensitivity to light in some cases

These symptoms usually begin 12-25 days after exposure to the virus (this is the incubation period) and may last for several days. The discomfort often improves once the characteristic parotid swelling appears, though some people continue to experience these symptoms throughout the illness.

4. Loss of Appetite

A decreased desire to eat is a very common symptom in mumps patients and can be attributed to multiple factors related to the infection. This symptom can lead to inadequate nutrition and hydration if not properly managed.

Loss of appetite in mumps occurs because:

• Swollen salivary glands make chewing and swallowing painful and difficult
• The mouth and throat may feel sore and tender
• Fever and general malaise reduce the desire to eat
• Some foods, particularly acidic or spicy items, can cause significant discomfort
• Reduced saliva production affects taste and the ability to break down food

During this time, it’s important to focus on consuming soft, bland foods that are easier to swallow and don’t stimulate excessive saliva production. Soups, smoothies, mashed potatoes, yogurt, and other similar foods are often better tolerated. Staying hydrated is particularly crucial, even if solid food intake is reduced.

5. Fatigue and Weakness

Profound tiredness and lack of energy are significant symptoms of mumps that can affect daily activities and quality of life during the infection. This fatigue is the body’s way of directing energy toward fighting off the viral infection.

Fatigue in mumps patients manifests as:

• Overwhelming tiredness even after adequate rest
• Difficulty concentrating or maintaining focus
• Reduced stamina for physical activities
• Feeling exhausted by simple daily tasks
• Increased need for sleep and rest periods
• General weakness in the muscles

This symptom can begin during the prodromal phase and may persist even after other symptoms have resolved. Some individuals report feeling tired for 1-2 weeks after the acute illness has passed. It’s essential to listen to your body during this time and allow adequate rest for recovery. Pushing through extreme fatigue can prolong the recovery period.

6. Earache and Jaw Pain

Pain in and around the ears and jaw is a direct result of the inflamed and swollen salivary glands. This discomfort can be quite severe and is often what prompts people to seek medical attention.

The pain typically presents as:

• Sharp or aching pain in the area below and in front of the ears
• Discomfort that radiates to the jaw, neck, or even the throat
• Increased pain when chewing, talking, or making facial movements
• Tenderness when touching the swollen areas
• Pain that worsens with consumption of sour or acidic foods that stimulate saliva production
• Difficulty opening the mouth wide due to pain and swelling

The pain is caused by the stretching of the tissues covering the salivary glands as they swell. In some cases, the pain can be severe enough to interfere with sleep and normal daily activities. The discomfort usually peaks around the same time as the maximum swelling and gradually improves as the inflammation subsides.

7. Dry Mouth

Dry mouth, medically known as xerostomia, occurs in mumps because the infected salivary glands cannot produce saliva normally. This symptom can be uncomfortable and may contribute to other problems during the illness.

Dry mouth in mumps is characterized by:

• Persistent feeling of dryness in the mouth and throat
• Difficulty swallowing dry foods
• Altered sense of taste
• Sticky feeling in the mouth
• Thick or stringy saliva
• Cracked lips or sores at the corners of the mouth
• Rough, dry tongue

The reduced saliva production not only causes discomfort but can also affect oral health temporarily, as saliva plays an important role in protecting teeth and gums from bacteria. During this time, maintaining good oral hygiene and staying well-hydrated becomes even more important. Sipping water frequently, sucking on ice chips, or using sugar-free lozenges can help alleviate some of the discomfort.

Main Causes of Mumps

Understanding what causes mumps is essential for prevention and recognizing risk factors. Mumps is caused by a specific virus and spreads in predictable ways.

The Mumps Virus (Paramyxovirus)

Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, which belongs to the paramyxovirus family. This single-stranded RNA virus specifically targets glandular tissue and the nervous system. Once the virus enters the body, it has an incubation period of 12-25 days (typically 16-18 days) before symptoms appear. During this time, infected individuals may be contagious even before they know they’re sick.

Transmission Methods

The mumps virus spreads easily from person to person through several routes:

• Respiratory droplets: When an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or laughs, tiny droplets containing the virus are released into the air and can be inhaled by others nearby
• Direct contact: Sharing utensils, cups, bottles, or kissing someone who is infected can transmit the virus
• Contaminated surfaces: Touching surfaces or objects that have been contaminated with infected saliva or respiratory droplets, then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes
• Close living quarters: Living in crowded conditions such as dormitories, military barracks, or households with multiple people increases transmission risk

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of contracting mumps:

• Lack of vaccination: Being unvaccinated or not having completed the full MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine series is the primary risk factor
• Waning immunity: Vaccine-induced immunity can decrease over time, making some vaccinated individuals susceptible during outbreaks
• International travel: Traveling to areas where mumps is more common or vaccination rates are lower
• Age: While anyone can get mumps, it’s most common in children and young adults, particularly those in settings like schools and universities
• Compromised immune system: People with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to infection
• Season: Mumps outbreaks tend to be more common in late winter and early spring

Prevention of Mumps

Preventing mumps is highly effective through vaccination and good hygiene practices. Taking preventive measures protects not only individuals but also the broader community.

MMR Vaccination

The MMR vaccine is the most effective way to prevent mumps:

• The standard schedule includes two doses: the first at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years
• The vaccine is about 88% effective at preventing mumps when both doses are received
• Even with just one dose, protection is approximately 78%
• Adults who have never been vaccinated should consider getting the MMR vaccine, especially if traveling internationally or working in healthcare
• During outbreaks, health authorities may recommend a third dose for certain high-risk groups

Hygiene Practices

Good hygiene can reduce the risk of transmission:

• Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially before eating and after being in public places
• Avoid touching your face, particularly your mouth, nose, and eyes
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing
• Dispose of used tissues immediately and wash hands afterward
• Don’t share eating utensils, drinking glasses, water bottles, or personal items
• Clean and disinfect frequently-touched surfaces regularly

Isolation When Infected

If you have mumps or suspect you might:

• Stay home from work, school, or social gatherings for at least 5 days after the onset of parotid gland swelling
• Avoid close contact with others, especially those who are unvaccinated, pregnant, or immunocompromised
• Wear a mask if you must be around others during the contagious period
• Inform close contacts so they can monitor for symptoms and take precautions

Additional Preventive Measures

• Maintain a healthy lifestyle with adequate nutrition, sleep, and exercise to support your immune system
• Be aware of mumps outbreaks in your area and take extra precautions if necessary
• Ensure children and teenagers are up to date with all recommended vaccinations
• If you work in healthcare, childcare, or education, stay informed about vaccination requirements and recommendations

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take for mumps symptoms to appear after exposure?

Mumps symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure to the virus, though the incubation period can range from 12-25 days. Some people may be contagious for several days before symptoms appear, which is why the infection can spread easily.

Can you get mumps if you’ve been vaccinated?

Yes, although it’s less common. The MMR vaccine is about 88% effective when both doses are given, meaning there’s still a 12% chance of infection. However, vaccinated individuals who do contract mumps typically experience milder symptoms and fewer complications than unvaccinated people.

How long is mumps contagious?

People with mumps are most contagious from about 2 days before the salivary glands begin to swell until about 5 days after the swelling starts. Health authorities typically recommend isolation for at least 5 days after the onset of parotitis to prevent spreading the infection to others.

Are mumps symptoms the same in adults and children?

The primary symptoms are similar in both adults and children, but adults tend to experience more severe symptoms and have a higher risk of complications. Adults are more likely to develop complications such as orchitis (testicular inflammation) in males, oophoritis (ovarian inflammation) in females, or meningitis.

What’s the difference between mumps and swollen lymph nodes?

Mumps causes swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, which are located just below and in front of the ears. Swollen lymph nodes are typically found in different locations (under the jaw, sides of the neck, behind the ears) and feel like small, movable lumps. Mumps swelling is more diffuse, affects a larger area, and causes the characteristic puffy cheek appearance.

Should I see a doctor if I suspect mumps?

Yes, you should contact your healthcare provider if you suspect mumps. Call ahead before visiting to allow the clinic to take precautions to prevent spreading the virus to others in the waiting room. Early diagnosis can help with proper management and preventing transmission. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop severe headache, stiff neck, severe abdominal pain, testicular swelling and pain, or signs of dehydration.

Can mumps occur without swollen glands?

Yes, approximately 20-30% of people infected with the mumps virus have no symptoms at all (asymptomatic infection). Some people may experience respiratory symptoms or other mild symptoms without developing the characteristic parotid gland swelling. These individuals can still spread the virus to others.

What foods should I avoid if I have mumps?

Avoid acidic foods and beverages (citrus fruits, tomatoes, vinegar-based foods), spicy foods, dry or crunchy foods, and anything that requires extensive chewing. These can stimulate saliva production and cause significant pain in the swollen salivary glands. Instead, opt for soft, bland foods like mashed potatoes, smoothies, soups, yogurt, and scrambled eggs.

References:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Mumps
• Mayo Clinic – Mumps: Symptoms and Causes
• World Health Organization (WHO) – Mumps
• NHS – Mumps
• National Center for Biotechnology Information – Mumps